(Length x 3/4")+2 studs for each corner, intersection and opening.; (260 x 3/4") +2(14+12 +22); 195+96 = 291 studs

Dimension lines are not broken when break lines are used. Center lines are alternating long and short lines indicating the center of an object. Extension or dimension lines indicate dimensions, extending from one main object line to the other with arrowheads on either end.

A standard interior door is 6'-8" high, 2'-0" to 3'-0" wide and typically 1-3/8" thick, with 1-3/4" thick, softwood frames.

All pipe is taken-off by the LF. Cost for cutting to specific lengths in the must be included. Quantities for cutting larger-diameter pipe are taken-off by each item. Special pipe fittings are listed separately by each item. Structures such as manholes, catch basins, tanks, etc. are listed separately per each item.

Methods for supporting shelves include the use of brackets carried in notches, brackets held with wood screws, wood pins and metal or plastic shelf pins. When plywood shelving is used, it should be faced with solid stock.

The conversion factor to change sq. ft. to sq. yds. is "9'. 124% = 138.6 = 139 sq. yds.

The species and grade of wood and type of application must be considered during estimation of wood siding. The final quantity of siding materials must include deductions for all openings greater than 4 SF, such as doors and windows. The species and grade of wood and type of application must be considered
during estimation of wood siding. The final quantity of siding materials must include deductions for all openings greater than 4 SF, such as doors and windows. The species and grade of wood
and type of application must be considered during estimation of wood siding. The final quantity of siding materials must include deductions for all openings greater than 4 SF, such as doors and windows.

Fees for electrical permits are typically assessed per job. Utility companies typically assess a hook-up charge to tie in a service or transformer per occurrence.

Public and private bid forms must address the specific project and be in accordance with the Contract Documents. All information
applicable to the bidder's company must be included, such as subcontractors, cost breakdowns and any special authorized
forms and bond information.

On smaller projects, a brief form may be used. On construction projects intended to be financed by a FHA loan, the Federal
Housing Administration Description of Materials is generally used. The typical specifications format for large projects is
established by the Construction Specification Institute (CSI format). The CSI format is intended to make finding information within a large project easier.

Board feet is the equivalent of a piece of wood measuring 1 -foot wide, 1-foot long, and 1-inch thick. For calculation purposes,
lumber measuring less than 1" thick, is counted as the full inch. The board's width in inches, must be converted to feet. Board feet = (T x W x L) n = (1 ft. x 1°/12 ft. x 18 ft.) 62 = 930; Where: T = nominal thickness; W = nominal width; L = length in feet of the individual piece; n = number of pieces.

Construction details on plan drawings may also be scaled at 1" =1'-0". Elevation plans are scaled at 1/4: = 1"-0". Plot plans are
scaled at either 1/16" = 1'10" or 1/8" = 1'-0’. Site plans are scaled at 1/32" = 1'-0".

The entire formwork system must be stable, watertight, and resistant to pressure of wet concrete. Operations to help
ensure that this is included are designing, fabrication, erection, alignment, and bracing.

It is advised that the contractor secure an independent contractor for the work. However, dewatering is quantified according to the time the pumping operation takes; by the day, week, or month.

Mill lengths of reinforcing bar, stocked by suppliers, come in 20, 40 and 60-foot lengths. Non-standard lengths are by special order and specially fabricated.

The Pythagorean Theorem, and Right Triangle Law, or 3-4-5 Triangle Rule, allows framers and contractors to square up work
in the field. Basically, the sum of the squares of two sides (A(2) + B(2)) is equal to the square of the hypotenuse (C(2)). Contractors doing roofing, rafter or truss work, or measuring and cutting stringers or winders for stairways readily use this formula.

A building section, commonly called a "section," is any vertical slice or cut through a particular part of the building. Different
sections incorporated into the drawings may include crosssections, taken from a plan view, longitudinal or wall sections,
taken from an elevation. Sections are often a different scale than the plan or elevation view they are taken from. Details offer
greater, enlarged clarification of certain areas of a floor plan, elevation, or particular part of the drawing

The take-off must list the quantity of each length of joist separately and extend total LF for that length.; Length = span of joist + required bearing at each end. Example: Length of the floor frame = 32'-0"; 32’ 0" = 24 joists +1 end joist = 25 joists, 16" O.C.,1.33

Specifically, architects' foundation plans and details give the site contractor the limits of the excavation for the foundation, as well as show interior details such as footings or depressed areas in the slab, which require excavation, backfill, or compaction.

Simple residential building plans require a plot or site plan indicating the proposed building vicinity, lot and building
dimensions, existing and proposed buildings, etc. Other plans included in the building plans are the floor plan, exterior elevations, cut-away plan, construction details, materials lists and specifications, and specialty items.

Perforated pipe is used to dewater it is usually found around exterior basement wails and at the bottom of foundations, approx.
2 ft. out from the foundation wall. As with all pipe installation, take-off is by LF for pipe. Excavation and backfill are paid for by
the CY.

Working drawings must comply with all regulatory agency requirements and include all of the detail that the contractor will need to prepare an estimate.

Soil stability determines the angle of repose. The more cohesive the soil, the steeper the angle of repose. Non-cohesive soils
such as sand and gravel, require more shallow slopes and may further require shoring, or a trench box, to mitigate a potential
cave-in. OSHA has specific requirements for trenches and slope ratios based on soil stability type, trench depth and duration of openness.

Roof framing and sheathing and ceiling system take-offs are also derived from cross-sections. The most common of framing
methods among residential and light commercial contractors is platform framing, where the load-bearing walls begin at the top
of the subfloor sheathing and continue to the underside of the platform above. Cross-sections showing this provide adequate take-off information.

Drafting a schedule is necessary to determine project progress, and tentative task and project completions.

Frequent moves of ladders or scaffolding, or staging, reduces the accuracy of labor pricing. Installed wood moldings and trim which must be painted also reduce productivity due to time needed for "cutting in."

Basic types of roof systems include built-up, single-ply, metal and shingles and tile. Individual components of a built-up and single-ply systems are taken-off separately. Metal roofs are taken-off by the SF, with trim pieces taken-off by LF. For shingle and tile roof systems, underlayments are taken-off by the SF, and can be extended to the square. Special hip and ridge tiles or cap shingles are taken off by the LF, or in cases of clay tiles, by each. Drip edges and ridge vents are taken-off by the LF and can be converted to each.

It is the contractor's responsibility for safety and for any damage that might occur to adjacent structures during construction.
Underpinning requires the existing foundation support to be brought to the depth of the proposed structure. This is generally
a costly procedure and should be paid for by lump sum, item unit prices, or on force account for labor, equipment and materials with applicable markups.

Dampproofing is applied to the foundation area below grade and is not intended to resist water pressure. Common methods of dampproofing include applying bituminous-based, tar-like, coatings on the protected areas, and plastering a cement-based mixture (parging) over the surface area to be protected. Quantities for bituminous applications should be separated according to method of application. Parging is taken-off by the thickness (generally 1/4" -1") and number of coats.