Quantities must be separated according to type, color, size, shape, etc. Suspension systems may be converted from SF (of tile areas) to LF of wall angle and main runner. Individual components are taken-off per each item.

Productivity is reduced for stepped footings so they must be listed separately, but still per LF. Spread footings are generally
isolated square masses of concrete with varying thicknesses. Typically they are taken-off per each item. If templates for anchor bolts to support columns become necessary, they will also be taken-off separately.

Expansion joints are taken-off by LF, but should be listed separately by size and thickness. Control joints, provided by  tooling, saw cutting, and forming, involves take-off quantities by LF.

Included in the set of house plans are: the plot plan, floor plan, foundation or basement plan, elevation drawings showing front,
rear and side views of the building, electrical, plumbing, heating, and AC layouts.

Calculating waste for irregular-shaped stone such as rubble or fieldstone is higher than 10 percent depending on the amount
of "unusable" stone in the delivered batch. Lower-grade stone waste factors may be as high as 20 percent.

Additional considerations include chemicals added to the mix (drying agents) and type and size of aggregate used, as well as
lightweight aggregates used to reduce weight per CY. Hot water requirement, ready-mixed concrete, and stiffness (ease of pour) also affect cost estimation.

Most HVAC manufacturers make these modular units, which may be assembled vertically or horizontally. Commercial ducts are regulated and classified in one of 2 groups determined by flamespread and smoke developed or spread.

Two major types of scales are the architect's scale, and the engineer's scale. The architect's scale used on floor plans is %
scale where %" = T or % scale where 7e" = 1’. The engineer's scale is in increments of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50, where, for
example, the 10 scale represents 10 feet per inch, the 20 scale represents 20 feet per inch, and so on.

Plan views in structural drawings show steel work. Details, elevations and sections are included for clarification. Details
provide connections necessary for individual pieces. Schedules are used to list columns or lintels and save time calculating takeoffs.

A slope grade is specified by its pitch, or ratio of horizontal run (distance) to rise or fall (height). A slope of 6:3 indicates there is a 3-foot rise, or 3- foot drop, for every 6 feet of horizontal distance.

HVAC designs require knowledge and understanding of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and weather conditions. Heating equipment is designed by size according to its heating capacity. Air flow in ducts produce static pressure and velocity pressure.

Drafting a schedule is necessary to determine project progress, and tentative task and project completions.

Framing plans are modified structural drawings. For residential construction, plan, elevation, section, and detail drawings show most wood framing and finish carpentry work.

Pressure regulator valves limit water pressure preventing damage. Saddle valves are also installed on pipes, which have water under pressure. Water hammer arrestors absorb shock waves produced by sudden changes in water flow, float valves control water levels and capacity in tanks, globe valves control
flows of hot and cold water, oil and gas, T and P valves are safety relief valves that sense temperature buildups and open to release excess pressure thus preventing explosions, and strainers collect dirt and debris in a 20 mm mesh screen. Take-offs for each valve is listed according to type, manufacturer, model, size and application.

Vertical risers and drips are also necessary for air distribution between floors in addition to the horizontal mains. Ductwork is taken-off by LF and fittings and devices installed in the finished space are taken-off by each. After the contractor calculates the ductwork, and fittings, the quantity of insulation must be calculated. To do this, the total surface area of all ductwork and fittings must be determined. The sound lining (insulation) in the interior of the duct is taken-off and listed separately by SF.

Piping connections may be grooved joint or threaded. Fittings are taken-off by each, and classified by type (elbow, tee, reducer, etc.), and method of connection and material composition (steel,PVC, iron, etc.). Valves and special appurtenances (gauges, flanges, etc.) are take-off by each, and listed according to type, manufacturer, model, size and application. Sprinkler heads and discharge nozzles are taken-off by each, and listed according to type (pendent, sidewall, etc.), temperature range, manufacturer and model.

Batt or roll insulation, rigid insulation, loose fill insulation, and polyethylene vapor barriers are taken-off by SF.

Plumbing plans also include sanitary waste and gas piping in the forms of schematic riser and isometric diagram, as well as the plumbing details, notes and specifications.

There are three generally accepted rules for calculating the riserun or riser-tread ratio: 1) riser + riser + tread = 24" - 25"; 2) riser + tread = 17" -18"; 3) riser height x tread width = 70" - 75

When figuring the amount of length of molding, the length of the perimeter of the room, minus openings, is measured. The 10-15 percent waste factor is added. Suppliers generally send slightly more since they send the length on hand that adds up close to the amount ordered.

Net area = perimeter x  height - wall openings = 2060; Sheet area = 4 x 9 = 36; Number of sheets = 206 0/38 = 57.22 = 58

Residential building code requirements limit balustrades openings to less than 4 inches to prevent a child’s head from getting caught in-between.

After the quantity is calculated, it is multiplied by the length of each, and the total linear footage is computed. Example: For a
#4 bar in a 20' x 30' slab, bars spaced at 12" O.C. EW (each way) Longitudinal length = 30712" O.C. = 30' pcs x 20' = 600 LF
Transverse width = 20712’ O.C. = 20' pcs x 30' = 600 LF Total #4 bar-1200 LF

Specifically, architects' foundation plans and details give the site contractor the limits of the excavation for the foundation, as well as show interior details such as footings or depressed areas in the slab, which require excavation, backfill, or compaction.

The circumference of a circle is pi (3.14) x the circle's diameter.

Specifications provide qualitative information, complete the contract and provide a legal document with directions for bidding,
insurance, bond forms and owner-contractor agreements. They help prevent owner-contractor or contractor-designer/architect
disputes. Materials and labor are detailed, and together, with working drawings, they complete the contract. Specifications
explain required quality and type of materials, color, finishes, and workmanship.

900 + (900 x .3833); 900 + 345; 1245/24 = 51.88 = 52 bundles

For shapes whose ends and opposites are parallel, V= A x h (Volume = area x height). Concrete needed to fill a sonotube
can be calculated using the cylinder formula, V = pi x R(2) x h (Volume = 3.1416 x radius squared x height).

Divide the amount received by 40 percent (convert 40 percent to decimal form) $460.0%.40 = $1,150.00