Blueprint Reading Free Exam

Fixtures are vented to keep water in the trap under atmospheric pressure. Each vent pipe is connected to a vent stack running through the roof, which vents gases generated by wastes.

One gallon of water = 8.3 lbs. 8.3 x 5 = 41.5 = 41.% lbs.

Methods for supporting shelves include the use of brackets carried in notches, brackets held with wood screws, wood pins and metal or plastic shelf pins. When plywood shelving is used, it should be faced with solid stock.

After the quantity is calculated, it is multiplied by the length of each, and the total linear footage is computed. Example: For a
#4 bar in a 20' x 30' slab, bars spaced at 12" O.C. EW (each way) Longitudinal length = 30712" O.C. = 30' pcs x 20' = 600 LF
Transverse width = 20712’ O.C. = 20' pcs x 30' = 600 LF Total #4 bar-1200 LF

Expansion joints are taken-off by LF, but should be listed separately by size and thickness. Control joints, provided by  tooling, saw cutting, and forming, involves take-off quantities by LF.

For shapes whose ends and opposites are parallel, V= A x h (Volume = area x height). Concrete needed to fill a sonotube
can be calculated using the cylinder formula, V = pi x R(2) x h (Volume = 3.1416 x radius squared x height).

Stripped topsoil is listed in the take-off as an area multiplied by the depth, expressed as cubic yards. The area of topsoil to be
removed should be enlarged to accommodate any clearance needed and removal of stumps, as well as trucking and fees for disposal.

Dampproofing is applied to the foundation area below grade and is not intended to resist water pressure. Common methods of dampproofing include applying bituminous-based, tar-like, coatings on the protected areas, and plastering a cement-based mixture (parging) over the surface area to be protected. Quantities for bituminous applications should be separated according to method of application. Parging is taken-off by the thickness (generally 1/4" -1") and number of coats.

Horizontal bars are taken-off by total length multiplied by the number of bars shown. Vertical bars are taken-off by dividing the
total length of wall or footing by the spacing, and multiplying by their height or length.

To express a decimal fraction as a common fraction, the number after the decimal point is written as the numerator of the common fraction, and the denominator is written as a 1 followed by as many zeros as there are digits to the right of the decimal point.

It is the contractor's responsibility for safety and for any damage that might occur to adjacent structures during construction.
Underpinning requires the existing foundation support to be brought to the depth of the proposed structure. This is generally
a costly procedure and should be paid for by lump sum, item unit prices, or on force account for labor, equipment and materials with applicable markups.

Before siding is installed the sheathing is usually covered with asphalt-impregnated builder's paper in a water-tight vaporpermeable plastic sheet. This permits water vapor in wall cavities to pass through to the outside, preventing moisture damage.

Pre-fabricated trusses, or gang-nailed trusses, are commonly used for ceiling assemblies spanning 16 ft. to 46 ft. Roof trusses are made with flat parallel chords in lengths of 50 ft. to 150 ft. Truss rafters are sized depending on the shape and span of the roof framing.

Types of concrete range from Type I - Normal (contains no special properties), Type II - Modified (when cement will be exposed to acids or salts), Type III - High Early (when quick curing is desired or necessary), Type IV - Low Heat (used on massive concrete pours such as dams where the concrete will generate a lot of heat as it cures) and Type V - High Sulfate Resistant (for structures coming in direct contact with the sea).

The general rule for estimating quantities of mortar for setting stone is: 4-5 CF of mortar for 100 CF of stone. Quantities ofnmortar for stone vary with the varying sizes of stone and joint.

The type, and occupancy, of the building is a primary consideration in determining what is the most effective and efficient energy source to operate an HVAC system.

Where the frost line is near the surface, and when there is not enough space for a full basement, crawl space foundations are constructed to provide access to plumbing and wiring.

Quantities must be separated according to type, color, size, shape, etc. Suspension systems may be converted from SF (of tile areas) to LF of wall angle and main runner. Individual components are taken-off per each item.

When drywall is taken-off by the whole system, all components are included and quantified as SF. When individual drywall components are taken off, drywall is taken-off by the SF of surface area to be covered, with quantities separated according to the type and thickness, and may be extended to the number of specific size sheets required. Multiple layers of fire-rated assemblies should be listed in the take-off according to their position in the assembly. Taping, finishing, joint compound and texturing are taken-off by the SF of coverage. Reinforcing tape and trim are taken-off by LF.

SE and USE cable are moisture-resistant, fire-resistant insulated cable that has a braid of armor providing protection against atmospheric corrosion. USE has a lead covering permitting it to be used underground. SE is used for service entrance wiring or general interior use.

The molding for the door sides must be 6'-H’ to allow for mitering. Two side casings can be made from one 14' - 0’ stock piece, or one can be made from an 8'-0' piece. Head casing moldings must allow for mitering and are 3'-2" wide. Two head casings can be made from one 8'-0" piece, or three can be made from one 10'-0' piece.

Spread foundations utilize spread footings to distribute building loads over large enough soil areas to provide bearing capacity.
Pile foundations use long wood, concrete or steel piles driving into earth and get their load carrying ability by friction on the sides of the pile or from the end resting on load-bearing strain. Caisson pile foundations are formed by drilling holes in the earth and filling them with concrete. They get their load-carrying ability the same as pile foundations.

Construction details on plan drawings may also be scaled at 1" =1'-0". Elevation plans are scaled at 1/4: = 1"-0". Plot plans are
scaled at either 1/16" = 1'10" or 1/8" = 1'-0’. Site plans are scaled at 1/32" = 1'-0".

Specifically, architects' foundation plans and details give the site contractor the limits of the excavation for the foundation, as well as show interior details such as footings or depressed areas in the slab, which require excavation, backfill, or compaction.

Units are calculated by multiplying the perimeter of the area to be shored by the height of the shoring from the bottom of the trench to the top of the excavation. The take-off for shoring must remain separate from the work it is meant to protect. The take-off must include materials, labor and equipment to install and remove the shoring.

Timber piles are stripped tree trunks driven with the small end down into soft soils. Friction piles get their load-bearing capacity from friction between the sides of the pile and the earth.

Material imported or hauled away from a building site in excess of 50 cu. yd. loads, must be ’permitted’ to be sure of proper supplier provisions as well as the availability of proper disposal sites and/ or methods of disposal of sometimes contaminated materials.

Stock material should be cut 1/8"-1/2-" longer than needed. An extra piece or a few extra feet of each piece should also be cut.
In case one of the required pieces is destroyed (cut short), the spare will be available.

Major changes may require re-drafting, but smaller changes are shown as a noted revision, clearly recognized by a "cloud,"
or scallop, encircling the revised area. A triangle enclosing the number of the revision is attached to the "cloud" and noted in the
Revision area in the title block, or close to it, by revision number and date.