Blueprint Reading Free Exam

Copper is a better conductor of current than aluminum. Larger diameter wire is required in order for aluminum to obtain equal conductivity as that of copper.

Bricks come in numerous types and sizes. Sizes are nominal, not actual. The difference between actual and nominal is made up
by the thickness of the mortar. Most are modular in design, and generally a multiple of 4".

Blasted or drilled rock must be listed separately from other excavation. For estimation purposes, rock may exceed in-ground
volume by as much as 60 percent which should be accounted for. Rock type, proximity to existing structures, or drilling depth
required, special permits and the quantity of rock to be blasted or drilled all affect the contractor's estimation. It is advised that a rock blaster or drilling specialist be hired to perform this operation.

Determining pipe size requires pressure, head, elbows and demand to be calculated using EPA flow pressures and flow rates for fixtures.

Demolition work is the dismantling and removal of unwanted existing work. Demolition tasks are difficult to label and can
be quantified by linear foot, square foot, cubic foot, or cubic yard. Demolition tasks containing more than one operation are
classified as lump sum. Demolition work requiring erection of barriers, ramps, etc. must include these costs for protection of the demolition site as well as hauling and disposal costs and fees.

Public and private bid forms must address the specific project and be in accordance with the Contract Documents. All information
applicable to the bidder's company must be included, such as subcontractors, cost breakdowns and any special authorized
forms and bond information.

The grading permit application must describe the amount of earth to be moved, removed, or added, as shown on attached topographic plans indicating existing and proposed contour lines and drainage devices.

Plumbing plans also include sanitary waste and gas piping in the forms of schematic riser and isometric diagram, as well as the plumbing details, notes and specifications.

The property site plan, vicinity map and structures should be situated so North is towards the top of the plan sheet regardlessof what direction the rest of the structures face.

Typical considerations made when taking-off masonry include: installation method, materials, weather conditions, the need for
a scaffolding, reinforcement requirements, miscellaneous items and allowance for waste.

To determine quantities of tile needed, measure the square footage, add 10 percent to compensate for bre akage, cuts andextras for future repairs, and then consult the manufacturer’s supply chart for quantity per 12.5 sq. ft. per carton, and for 11.5 sq. ft. per carton.

A building section, commonly called a "section," is any vertical slice or cut through a particular part of the building. Different
sections incorporated into the drawings may include crosssections, taken from a plan view, longitudinal or wall sections,
taken from an elevation. Sections are often a different scale than the plan or elevation view they are taken from. Details offer
greater, enlarged clarification of certain areas of a floor plan, elevation, or particular part of the drawing

Power wiring of water heaters, draft inducers and special flues, and penetrations through roofing systems, and flashing of roof vents, may be required work done by other trades.

Methods to contain, block or remove water at the onset of excavation is essential in stabilizing the building site. Installing
a French drain will channel water away from the site. Overexcavating the area may result in achieving a depth below the
swale or water table. Placing construction or geotextile fabric over the wet area backfilling and compacting may also be a means of stabilizing the area. After the water is contained or removed, clean fill must be placed and compacted to ensure stability.

It is important to use correct units of measure when calculating area and volume. Feet multiplied by feet equals square feet.
Yards multiplied by yards equals square yards. Feet multiplied by feet, multiplied by feet equals cubic feet. Yards multiplied
by yards, multiplied by yards equals cubic yards. Multiplying a
dimension in feet by a dimension in inches is erroneous and one of the dimensions must be converted before the calculation
can be correctly made. Example: Calculate the area of a space 12'-6" x 2O'-4": 12'-6" = 12.50'; 2O'-3" = 23.33'; 12.50' x 23.33'
= 291.63sq. ft.

Specifically, architects' foundation plans and details give the site contractor the limits of the excavation for the foundation, as well as show interior details such as footings or depressed areas in the slab, which require excavation, backfill, or compaction.

Class ABC fire extinguishers are multipurpose dry chemical extinguishers, which cover the possibility of the three basic types of fires.

The letter classification, for a structural steel piece, refers to its shape, except for angle shapes, in which case, the first 2 of 3
numbers represents the length of the angle legs in inches. The first of the two numbers of the piece designation refers to the actual or nominal depth in inches of the section. The second number refers to the weight per linear foot of the section in Ibs/SF.

After the quantity is calculated, it is multiplied by the length of each, and the total linear footage is computed. Example: For a
#4 bar in a 20' x 30' slab, bars spaced at 12" O.C. EW (each way) Longitudinal length = 30712" O.C. = 30' pcs x 20' = 600 LF
Transverse width = 20712’ O.C. = 20' pcs x 30' = 600 LF Total #4 bar-1200 LF

Vertical control joints are provided for expansion and contraction support for the wall. They require compressible pre-molded joint
filler. Control joints vary by thickness and are taken-off by the vertical linear foot (VLF).

(Length x 3/4")+2 studs for each corner, intersection and opening.; (260 x 3/4") +2(14+12 +22); 195+96 = 291 studs

Units are calculated by multiplying the perimeter of the area to be shored by the height of the shoring from the bottom of the trench to the top of the excavation. The take-off for shoring must remain separate from the work it is meant to protect. The take-off must include materials, labor and equipment to install and remove the shoring.

Copper is considered an excellent hot and cold water distribution material. It is resistant to corrosion and does not rust. Hot and cold water piping is referred to as domestic water piping and excludes piping for fire protection systems. Standard piping materials are types L and K copper tubing. Water piping is taken-off by LF and fittings are taken-off individually.

Ground wires are white or gray. Hot wires may be black or other colors, but never white or gray.

It is the contractor's responsibility for safety and for any damage that might occur to adjacent structures during construction.
Underpinning requires the existing foundation support to be brought to the depth of the proposed structure. This is generally
a costly procedure and should be paid for by lump sum, item unit prices, or on force account for labor, equipment and materials with applicable markups.

Edge forms are constructed from typical rough-grade 2' x 4', 2' x 6' or V x 6' lumber, held together with metal or wood stakes. Edge forms are taken-off by LF.

Modular bricks are 3-%’ high x 3" wide x 11-%’ long. When the mortar joint is added the brick unit becomes 4" x 12". This allows
combinations of these sized bricks to be used to make up a wall based on the 4-inch modular.

The amount of steel, in tons, determines the cost of shop priming. Field touch-ups are based on labor hours, and must be listed as a separate item.

When pouring concrete in cold weather, it is important to keep the concrete above freezing for the first few days, and is usually covered with plastic to contain heat and moisture from the mixture in order to encourage curing.